有效的决策涉及将过去的经验和相关上下文信息与新型情况联系起来。在深入的强化学习中，主导范式是代理商摊销信息，通过训练损失的梯度下降来帮助决策进入其网络权重。在这里，我们采用了一种替代方法，其中代理可以利用大规模上下文敏感的数据库查找来支持其参数计算。这使代理商可以直接以端到端的方式学习，以利用相关信息来告知其输出。此外，代理可以通过简单地扩大检索数据集来了解新信息，而无需再进行重新培训。我们在GO中研究这种方法，这是一款具有挑战性的游戏，庞大的组合状态空间特权对与过去的体验进行了直接匹配。我们利用快速，大约最近的邻居技术来从数千万的专家示范状态中检索相关数据。参与此信息为简单地将这些示范作为训练轨迹而言，可以显着提高预测准确性和游戏性能，从而使大规模检索在加强学习剂中的价值提供了令人信服的演示。

基于模型的强化学习的关键承诺之一是使用世界内部模型拓展到新颖的环境和任务中的预测。然而，模型的代理商的泛化能力尚不清楚，因为现有的工作在基准测试概括时专注于无模型剂。在这里，我们明确测量模型的代理的泛化能力与其无模型对应物相比。我们专注于Muzero（Schrittwieser等，2020），强大的基于模型的代理商的分析，并评估其在过程和任务泛化方面的性能。我们确定了一个程序概括规划，自我监督代表学习和程序数据分集的三个因素 - 并表明通过组合这些技术，我们实现了普通的最先进的概括性和数据效率（Cobbe等人。，2019）。但是，我们发现这些因素并不总是为Meta-World中的任务泛化基准提供相同的益处（Yu等人，2019），表明转移仍然是一个挑战，可能需要不同的方法而不是程序泛化。总的来说，我们建议建立一个推广的代理需要超越单任务，无模型范例，并朝着在丰富，程序，多任务环境中培训的基于自我监督的模型的代理。

强化学习中的信用作业是衡量行动对未来奖励的影响的问题。特别是，这需要从运气中分离技能，即解除外部因素和随后的行动对奖励行动的影响。为实现这一目标，我们将来自因果关系的反事件的概念调整为无模型RL设置。关键思想是通过学习从轨迹中提取相关信息来应对未来事件的价值函数。我们制定了一系列政策梯度算法，这些算法使用这些未来条件的价值函数作为基准或批评，并表明它们是可怕的差异。为避免对未来信息的调理潜在偏见，我们将后视信息限制为不包含有关代理程序行为的信息。我们展示了我们对许多说明性和具有挑战性问题的算法的功效和有效性。

The release of ChatGPT, a language model capable of generating text that appears human-like and authentic, has gained significant attention beyond the research community. We expect that the convincing performance of ChatGPT incentivizes users to apply it to a variety of downstream tasks, including prompting the model to simplify their own medical reports. To investigate this phenomenon, we conducted an exploratory case study. In a questionnaire, we asked 15 radiologists to assess the quality of radiology reports simplified by ChatGPT. Most radiologists agreed that the simplified reports were factually correct, complete, and not potentially harmful to the patient. Nevertheless, instances of incorrect statements, missed key medical findings, and potentially harmful passages were reported. While further studies are needed, the initial insights of this study indicate a great potential in using large language models like ChatGPT to improve patient-centered care in radiology and other medical domains.

The SINDy algorithm has been successfully used to identify the governing equations of dynamical systems from time series data. In this paper, we argue that this makes SINDy a potentially useful tool for causal discovery and that existing tools for causal discovery can be used to dramatically improve the performance of SINDy as tool for robust sparse modeling and system identification. We then demonstrate empirically that augmenting the SINDy algorithm with tools from causal discovery can provides engineers with a tool for learning causally robust governing equations.

The application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) to specialized domains, such as the law, has recently received a surge of interest. As many legal services rely on processing and analyzing large collections of documents, automating such tasks with NLP tools emerges as a key challenge. Many popular language models, such as BERT or RoBERTa, are general-purpose models, which have limitations on processing specialized legal terminology and syntax. In addition, legal documents may contain specialized vocabulary from other domains, such as medical terminology in personal injury text. Here, we propose LegalRelectra, a legal-domain language model that is trained on mixed-domain legal and medical corpora. We show that our model improves over general-domain and single-domain medical and legal language models when processing mixed-domain (personal injury) text. Our training architecture implements the Electra framework, but utilizes Reformer instead of BERT for its generator and discriminator. We show that this improves the model's performance on processing long passages and results in better long-range text comprehension.

Human speech can be characterized by different components, including semantic content, speaker identity and prosodic information. Significant progress has been made in disentangling representations for semantic content and speaker identity in Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and speaker verification tasks respectively. However, it is still an open challenging research question to extract prosodic information because of the intrinsic association of different attributes, such as timbre and rhythm, and because of the need for unsupervised training schemes to achieve robust large-scale and speaker-independent ASR. The aim of this paper is to address the disentanglement of emotional prosody from speech based on unsupervised reconstruction. Specifically, we identify, design, implement and integrate three crucial components in our proposed speech reconstruction model Prosody2Vec: (1) a unit encoder that transforms speech signals into discrete units for semantic content, (2) a pretrained speaker verification model to generate speaker identity embeddings, and (3) a trainable prosody encoder to learn prosody representations. We first pretrain the Prosody2Vec representations on unlabelled emotional speech corpora, then fine-tune the model on specific datasets to perform Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) and Emotional Voice Conversion (EVC) tasks. Both objective and subjective evaluations on the EVC task suggest that Prosody2Vec effectively captures general prosodic features that can be smoothly transferred to other emotional speech. In addition, our SER experiments on the IEMOCAP dataset reveal that the prosody features learned by Prosody2Vec are complementary and beneficial for the performance of widely used speech pretraining models and surpass the state-of-the-art methods when combining Prosody2Vec with HuBERT representations. Some audio samples can be found on our demo website.

Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) refers to clinician-performed and interpreted ultrasonography at the patient's bedside. Interpreting these images requires a high level of expertise, which may not be available during emergencies. In this paper, we support POCUS by developing classifiers that can aid medical professionals by diagnosing whether or not a patient has pneumothorax. We decomposed the task into multiple steps, using YOLOv4 to extract relevant regions of the video and a 3D sparse coding model to represent video features. Given the difficulty in acquiring positive training videos, we trained a small-data classifier with a maximum of 15 positive and 32 negative examples. To counteract this limitation, we leveraged subject matter expert (SME) knowledge to limit the hypothesis space, thus reducing the cost of data collection. We present results using two lung ultrasound datasets and demonstrate that our model is capable of achieving performance on par with SMEs in pneumothorax identification. We then developed an iOS application that runs our full system in less than 4 seconds on an iPad Pro, and less than 8 seconds on an iPhone 13 Pro, labeling key regions in the lung sonogram to provide interpretable diagnoses.

Machine learning has emerged recently as a powerful tool for predicting properties of quantum many-body systems. For many ground states of gapped Hamiltonians, generative models can learn from measurements of a single quantum state to reconstruct the state accurately enough to predict local observables. Alternatively, kernel methods can predict local observables by learning from measurements on different but related states. In this work, we combine the benefits of both approaches and propose the use of conditional generative models to simultaneously represent a family of states, by learning shared structures of different quantum states from measurements. The trained model allows us to predict arbitrary local properties of ground states, even for states not present in the training data, and without necessitating further training for new observables. We numerically validate our approach (with simulations of up to 45 qubits) for two quantum many-body problems, 2D random Heisenberg models and Rydberg atom systems.

The task of emotion recognition in conversations (ERC) benefits from the availability of multiple modalities, as offered, for example, in the video-based MELD dataset. However, only a few research approaches use both acoustic and visual information from the MELD videos. There are two reasons for this: First, label-to-video alignments in MELD are noisy, making those videos an unreliable source of emotional speech data. Second, conversations can involve several people in the same scene, which requires the detection of the person speaking the utterance. In this paper we demonstrate that by using recent automatic speech recognition and active speaker detection models, we are able to realign the videos of MELD, and capture the facial expressions from uttering speakers in 96.92% of the utterances provided in MELD. Experiments with a self-supervised voice recognition model indicate that the realigned MELD videos more closely match the corresponding utterances offered in the dataset. Finally, we devise a model for emotion recognition in conversations trained on the face and audio information of the MELD realigned videos, which outperforms state-of-the-art models for ERC based on vision alone. This indicates that active speaker detection is indeed effective for extracting facial expressions from the uttering speakers, and that faces provide more informative visual cues than the visual features state-of-the-art models have been using so far.